Deracoxib (Deramaxx) for Dogs: Dosing, Monitoring, and the openFDA Record
Deracoxib (Deramaxx) drug guide for dogs. Labeled indications, COX-2 preferential mechanism, dosing, kidney/liver/GI monitoring, washout rules, and openFDA adverse event record analysis.
Deracoxib (marketed under the brand name Deramaxx) is an FDA-approved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) specifically formulated for dogs. Since its initial approval in 2002, it has served as a core pharmacologic option for managing acute postoperative pain and controlling the chronic pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis.
Because osteoarthritis is a progressive, incurable disease that primarily affects aging dogs, patients are often prescribed deracoxib for months or years. Managing these senior patients requires a balanced understanding of deracoxib’s mechanisms, dosing protocols, and class risks. In particular, clinicians and pet owners must coordinate baseline and periodic bloodwork monitoring to protect renal and hepatic function. This guide provides a detailed analysis of deracoxib's veterinary label, clinical pharmacology, safety rules, and real-world adverse-event profile compiled from the openFDA pharmacovigilance database.
Quick answer
Deracoxib (brand Deramaxx) is an FDA-approved veterinary NSAID of the coxib class designed to preferentially inhibit the COX-2 enzyme. Originally approved under NADA 141-203 on August 21, 2002 (initially developed by Novartis Animal Health, now owned and marketed by Elanco), it is labeled for the control of pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis and for the management of postoperative orthopedic and dental pain.
The standard label dosage for osteoarthritis is 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg once daily as needed, given orally. For postoperative orthopedic pain, the labeled dose is higher at 3.0 to 4.0 mg/kg once daily for up to 7 days. For postoperative dental pain, the dose is 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg once daily for up to 3 days. The drug is supplied as beef-flavored chewable tablets in strengths of 25 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg.
As an NSAID, deracoxib’s primary safety warnings involve gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic pathways. The FDA adverse-event record (11,962 unique reports, roughly 92% of them canine) highlights vomiting (3,418 reports), anorexia (2,433 reports), and depression (1,866 reports) as the most frequent clinical signs. The data also corroborates the necessity of routine bloodwork, with elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (1,693 reports), elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) (1,611 reports), and elevated creatinine (1,439 reports) ranking among the most common laboratory abnormalities.
To prevent life-threatening gastrointestinal perforation or acute kidney injury, a strict washout period of 7 to 10 days must be enforced when switching a dog to or from other NSAIDs or corticosteroids (like prednisone).
What is deracoxib (Deramaxx), and how does it work?
Deracoxib belongs to the coxib class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. To understand its action, it is necessary to examine how the body processes tissue injury. When cell membranes are damaged, the enzyme phospholipase A2 releases arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is then metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes into prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes.
Cyclooxygenase exists in two primary isoforms:
- Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1): This isoform is constitutively expressed in most tissues. It produces prostaglandins that are essential for maintaining normal physiologic functions. These "housekeeping" tasks include protecting the gastric mucosa by promoting mucus and bicarbonate secretion, maintaining renal blood flow (particularly during periods of systemic hypotension or dehydration), and supporting normal platelet aggregation.
- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2): This isoform is primarily inducible. In response to tissue damage, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators, cells upregulate COX-2 expression. COX-2 produces the prostaglandins that mediate local inflammation, pain transduction, and fever.
Older veterinary NSAIDs (such as aspirin) are non-selective, meaning they inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Because they block the protective COX-1 pathway, non-selective NSAIDs carry a higher risk of causing gastric ulcers, mucosal hemorrhage, and renal perfusion deficits.
[ARACHIDONIC ACID PATHWAY]
|
|
+------------------+------------------+
| |
v (Inhibited by non-selectives) v (Inhibited by COX-2 inhibitors)
COX-1 COX-2
| |
(Constitutive/Housekeeping) (Inducible/Inflammatory)
| |
- Gastric Mucosal Protection - Local Inflammation
- Renal Perfusion Support - Pain Transduction
- Platelet Aggregation - Systemic Fever
| |
| v
+-----------------------------> [Target of Deracoxib]
Deracoxib was developed as a COX-2 preferential inhibitor. At recommended clinical dosages, it binds selectively to the COX-2 enzyme, inhibiting the production of inflammatory prostaglandins while sparing the COX-1 enzymes that protect the stomach lining and support kidney perfusion.
However, veterinarians must recognize that COX-2 selectivity is relative rather than absolute. At the higher end of the dosing range, or in patients with individual metabolic variations, deracoxib can inhibit COX-1. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that COX-2 is constitutively expressed in certain vital tissues, such as the kidneys and brain, where it plays a homeostatic role. Consequently, even a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor retains the potential to cause renal side effects and delay mucosal healing if an ulcer is already present.
What dose of Deramaxx is used for dogs?
Dosing deracoxib requires matching the prescription to the patient’s specific indication, weight, and clinical status. Because the tablets are beef-flavored and chewable, they are easily accepted by most dogs; however, this palatability also requires that the medication be stored in a secure location out of the dog's reach to prevent accidental ingestion.
Labeled Indications and Dosing Guidelines
- Osteoarthritis Pain and Inflammation:
- Dose: 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg (0.45 to 0.91 mg/lb) once daily as needed.
- Duration: Typically long-term or lifelong, depending on the progression of the disease and bloodwork monitoring.
- Dosing Interval: 24 hours.
- Postoperative Orthopedic Pain:
- Dose: 3.0 to 4.0 mg/kg (1.36 to 1.82 mg/lb) once daily.
- Duration: Labeled for a maximum of 7 days.
- Note: If pain management is required beyond 7 days, the dog should be transitioned to a lower osteoarthritis dose or a non-NSAID analgesic pathway, following a brief safety assessment.
- Postoperative Dental Pain:
- Dose: 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg (0.45 to 0.91 mg/lb) once daily.
- Duration: Labeled for a maximum of 3 days.
Tablet Sizes and Administration
Deracoxib is manufactured in three tablet strengths: 25 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg. The tablets are scored, allowing them to be divided into half-doses to accommodate precise weight-based calculations.
| Dog Weight (lbs) | Dog Weight (kg) | Osteoarthritis Dose (1-2 mg/kg) | Postoperative Orthopedic Dose (3-4 mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11 – 27 | 5.0 – 12.2 | Half to One 25 mg tablet | One to Two 25 mg tablets |
| 28 – 55 | 12.7 – 25.0 | One to Two 25 mg tablets or Half 75 mg tablet | Half to One 100 mg tablet + 25 mg tablet |
| 56 – 82 | 25.4 – 37.2 | Half to One 75 mg tablet or Half 100 mg tablet | One 100 mg tablet + One 25 mg tablet |
| 83 – 110 | 37.6 – 50.0 | One 75 mg tablet or One 100 mg tablet | One and a Half to Two 100 mg tablets |
Clinical Dosing Rules
- Administer with Food: Although deracoxib can be given on an empty stomach, administering it with a meal or a small treat significantly reduces the risk of direct gastrointestinal irritation.
- Use the Lowest Effective Dose: For chronic osteoarthritis management, clinicians should start at the lower end of the dosing range (1.0 mg/kg/day). If the dog’s mobility improves and stabilizes, the veterinarian may attempt to titrate the dose down to the lowest effective level or implement a "pulse-dosing" regimen to minimize cumulative drug exposure.
- Contraindicated in Cats: Deracoxib must never be administered to cats. Felines lack the glucuronidyl transferase enzymes necessary to metabolize and clear NSAIDs efficiently, making even a single canine dose highly toxic to their kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
What kidney, liver, and GI monitoring does deracoxib require?
The clinical benefits of deracoxib are accompanied by a responsibility to monitor the patient's metabolic health. Prostaglandins are key physiological regulators of perfusion and mucosal integrity; inhibiting them, even preferentially, places stress on the kidneys, liver, and stomach.
Pre-Treatment Baseline Screening
Before initiating deracoxib therapy, the veterinarian must perform a complete physical examination and establish a baseline lab profile. This baseline screening is critical for identifying subclinical organ dysfunction that could predispose the patient to adverse reactions.
The baseline evaluation must include:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): To screen for pre-existing anemia, which could indicate subclinical gastrointestinal bleeding, and to check platelet counts.
- Serum Chemistry Profile: To evaluate renal biomarkers—Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA)—and hepatic enzymes—Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP/SAP), and total bilirubin.
- Urinalysis: To verify the kidney's urine concentrating ability (Urine Specific Gravity or USG). Concentrating ability should be confirmed (USG > 1.030 in dogs) before assuming normal renal function, as normal serum creatinine can mask early-stage renal disease.
Routine Monitoring Schedule
For dogs on long-term deracoxib therapy for osteoarthritis, a structured monitoring schedule is the standard of care:
- First Recheck (2 to 4 Weeks): A chemistry panel (BUN, creatinine, ALT, ALP) should be repeated 14 to 30 days after starting deracoxib. This check catches patients who have an idiosyncratic response or subclinical sensitivity to the drug.
- Ongoing Monitoring (Every 6 Months): For healthy adult dogs, repeat the chemistry panel and urinalysis twice yearly.
- High-Risk Patient Monitoring (Every 3 to 4 Months): Senior dogs, geriatric dogs, or patients with stable, early-stage chronic kidney disease or elevated baseline liver enzymes require more frequent laboratory screening.
[DERACOXIB CLINICAL MONITORING TIMELINE]
|
v
[Baseline Screening (Day 0)]
- CBC (Anemia check)
- Chemistry (BUN, Cre, ALT, ALP)
- Urinalysis (USG > 1.030)
|
v
[First Lab Recheck (Day 14-30)]
- Re-evaluate Chemistry Panel
- Spot early idiosyncratic changes
|
+--------------------+--------------------+
| |
v v
[Healthy Senior Dog] [Geriatric / High-Risk Dog]
- Repeat Labs Every 6 Months - Repeat Labs Every 3-4 Months
Pathophysiologic Interpretation of Lab Changes
Veterinary teams must monitor for specific trends rather than waiting for values to exceed reference ranges:
- Renal Biomarkers (BUN & Creatinine): A progressive rise in creatinine or BUN, even within normal reference limits, suggests reduced glomerular filtration. If creatinine rises by more than 30% from the patient's baseline, or if USG drops below 1.020 in the absence of other factors, deracoxib should be paused, and hydration status assessed.
- Hepatic Enzymes (ALT & ALP): ALT is a sensitive marker of hepatocellular injury. A sudden increase in ALT (greater than 2 to 3 times the upper limit of normal) indicates drug-induced hepatopathy. Deracoxib should be stopped immediately. ALP is an inducible enzyme associated with cholestasis; while mild elevations are common in senior dogs, a dramatic spike requires diagnostic follow-up to rule out biliary obstruction or concurrent hyperadrenocorticism.
What does the openFDA adverse-event record show?
To evaluate the safety profile of deracoxib in a large patient population, we analyzed the US FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine’s animal drug adverse-event reports through the openFDA animal and veterinary adverse-event API (figures current as of an early-July 2026 analysis). In this database, deracoxib (brand and generic) appears in 11,962 unique adverse-event reports, making it one of the most-reported canine NSAIDs. For how it compares across the class, see our analysis of veterinary NSAID adverse events (FDA data).
Species and Demographic Distribution
The database confirms that deracoxib is almost exclusively used in dogs, in line with its labeled indications:
- Canine Reports: 10,993 (91.9%)
- Feline Reports: 101 (0.8%)
- Other Species / Unknown: 868 (7.3%)
Note on Feline Reports: The 101 reports involving cats typically represent accidental administration by owners or off-label use. Because cats cannot clear deracoxib, these exposures carry a very high risk of severe toxicity.
Top Reported Adverse Reactions
Analyzing the reported clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities provides a clear picture of the drug's safety profile in the field. The table below lists the most common reactions reported for deracoxib, categorized by organ system and accompanied by clinical context.
| VeDDRA Reaction Term | Report Count | Percentage of Reports (%) | Clinical Significance & Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vomiting | 3,418 | 28.6% | The most common gastrointestinal sign. Can indicate mild stomach upset or serve as an early warning of gastric ulceration. |
| Anorexia (Appetite Loss) | 2,433 | 20.3% | Appetite loss is a key early indicator of gastrointestinal pain or systemic hepatopathy. |
| Depression (Lethargy) | 1,866 | 15.6% | A generalized sign of discomfort, pain, or systemic illness. |
| Elevated BUN | 1,693 | 14.2% | Confirms renal involvement. Reflects reduced glomerular filtration or gastrointestinal hemorrhage (where digested blood elevates BUN). |
| Elevated SAP (ALP) | 1,611 | 13.5% | Indicates cholestasis or hepatic stress. Common in older dogs, but requires monitoring. |
| Accidental Exposure | 1,517 | 12.7% | High incidence of dogs chewing through packaging due to the beef flavoring, leading to acute overdose. |
| Diarrhoea | 1,489 | 12.4% | Gastrointestinal irritation; can range from mild self-limiting diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis. |
| Elevated Creatinine | 1,439 | 12.0% | The primary marker of glomerular filtration rate. Elevated creatinine confirms drug-related renal impairment. |
| Elevated ALT | 1,316 | 11.0% | Indicates active liver cell damage. Requires immediate discontinuation of the drug. |
| Death by Euthanasia | 1,264 | 10.6% | End-of-life decisions. Heavily influenced by the advanced age of osteoarthritis patients and progression of chronic diseases. |
| Death | 1,022 | 8.5% | Represents natural death, acute toxicity failures, or end-stage disease. |
| Anaemia NOS | 869 | 7.3% | Can indicate chronic disease or, more critically, blood loss from subclinical gastrointestinal ulcers. |
| Leucocytosis | 781 | 6.5% | Elevated white blood cell count, typically secondary to active systemic inflammation or secondary infection. |
Interpretation of Adverse-Event Data
When reviewing these statistics, veterinary teams and owners must keep two key principles in mind:
- Passive Surveillance Limitations: The openFDA database relies on voluntary reporting by veterinarians and pet owners (passive surveillance). Therefore, these numbers represent individual reported cases and cannot be used to calculate the absolute incidence rate of side effects in the general dog population.
- Age and Polypharmacy Confounders: The average patient taking deracoxib is an older senior or geriatric dog with chronic osteoarthritis. These dogs often have underlying conditions (like early renal disease) and may be taking other medications. Of the 11,962 reports, 1,975 carried a "Died" outcome and 327 an "Euthanized" outcome, but those figures reflect this senior demographic, underlying comorbidities, and accidental-overdose cases rather than demonstrating that deracoxib is inherently high-risk.
- Lab-Abnormality Corroboration: The high frequency of elevated BUN, ALP, creatinine, and ALT reports in the database directly supports the labeled warnings regarding renal and hepatic risks. These numbers demonstrate that subclinical organ changes are common and underscore the necessity of routine bloodwork.
What side effects and warning signs require immediate action?
While subclinical changes are detected via bloodwork, owners must monitor their dog's daily behavior for physical signs of an adverse reaction. Early detection and withdrawal of the drug are the most effective ways to prevent minor side effects from progressing to severe toxicity.
The "Stop and Call" Warning Signs
If a dog exhibits any of the following signs, the owner must immediately stop administering deracoxib and contact their veterinarian:
- Changes in Appetite: Refusing food, eating significantly less than normal, or turning away from treats for more than 24 hours.
- Gastrointestinal Distress: Frequent vomiting, vomiting blood (which may look like dark coffee grounds), or persistent diarrhea.
- Abnormal Stools: Black, tarry, or extremely dark stools. This indicates digested blood originating from an ulcer in the stomach or upper small intestine.
- Jaundice (Icterus): Yellowing of the whites of the eyes, gums, or skin, indicating acute liver dysfunction or bile duct issues.
- Changes in Hydration: A sudden, noticeable increase in water consumption (polydipsia) or frequency of urination (polyuria). This is an early indicator of renal stress, as the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine and require more water to clear metabolic waste.
- Behavioral Changes: Severe lethargy, depression, sudden weakness, incoordination, or seizures.
What are the drug interaction and washout rules?
Combining deracoxib with other medications requires careful coordination. Because prostaglandins support mucosal defense and renal blood flow, combining deracoxib with other drugs that affect these same pathways can lead to severe adverse reactions.
The Corticosteroid and NSAID Washout Rule
Deracoxib must never be administered concurrently with other NSAIDs or with systemic corticosteroids. Combining these drugs leads to dual pathway blockade, which depletes protective prostaglandins in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. This can result in rapid gastric ulceration, gastrointestinal perforation, and acute renal failure.
When transitioning a dog from one anti-inflammatory drug to another, clinicians must enforce a strict washout period to allow the first drug to clear from the body and allow the target tissues to recover:
[ANTI-INFLAMMATORY WASHOUT PROTOCOL]
Prior Drug: aspirin / meloxicam / carprofen
Transition TO: Deracoxib (Deramaxx)
---> Required Washout: 7 to 10 DAYS
Prior Drug: prednisone / dexamethasone (Corticosteroids)
Transition TO: Deracoxib (Deramaxx)
---> Required Washout: 7 to 10 DAYS
Prior Drug: Deracoxib (Deramaxx)
Transition TO: any other NSAID or Corticosteroid
---> Required Washout: 7 to 10 DAYS
- Prior NSAID (e.g., carprofen, meloxicam, firocoxib): Enforce a 7 to 10-day washout before starting deracoxib.
- Prior Aspirin: Aspirin irreversibly binds to platelets. A minimum 10-day washout is required to allow the body to produce new platelets and restore normal mucosal protection.
- Prior Corticosteroid (e.g., prednisone, dexamethasone): Enforce a 7 to 10-day washout after the last steroid dose before starting deracoxib.
- Switching from Deracoxib to another NSAID/Steroid: Enforce a 7 to 10-day washout after stopping deracoxib before administering the new anti-inflammatory drug.
Safe Analgesic Combinations
When deracoxib alone is insufficient to manage severe osteoarthritis pain, it can be combined with analgesics that act on different pain pathways:
- Gabapentin: An analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that helps manage neuropathic pain. It can be safely administered alongside deracoxib.
- Tramadol: A synthetic opioid agonist that also inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. It can be used concurrently with deracoxib, though it carries its own side-effect profile (primarily sedation and constipation).
- Amantadine: An NMDA receptor antagonist that helps manage chronic pain and wind-up. Safe to use with deracoxib.
- Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (Adequan): An injectable joint therapy that supports cartilage health. Highly recommended as part of a multimodal plan.
How does deracoxib compare to adjacent OA options?
Managing canine osteoarthritis typically involves a multimodal approach. Veterinary teams and owners must weigh deracoxib against alternative medications to select the best fit for the patient's lifestyle and health profile.
Deracoxib vs. Carprofen (Rimadyl)
- Pharmacology: Carprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of COX enzymes in some assays, though it exhibits relative COX-2 selectivity in others. Deracoxib has a more distinct COX-2 preferential binding profile in vitro.
- Clinical Efficacy: Both drugs are highly effective. Some dogs show a better response to one drug over the other due to individual metabolic variations.
- Monitoring: Both require the same baseline and periodic chemistry monitoring.
Deracoxib vs. Grapiprant (Galliprant)
To compare these options, consult our guide to Galliprant (grapiprant) for dogs.
- Mechanism: Grapiprant is a non-COX-inhibiting prostaglandin receptor antagonist. Specifically, it blocks the EP4 receptor, which is the primary receptor mediating osteoarthritis pain.
- Safety Profile: Because grapiprant does not inhibit COX enzymes, it spares the prostaglandins involved in gastrointestinal protection and renal blood flow. It carries a lower risk of causing kidney or liver side effects, making it a preferred choice for dogs with early-stage kidney disease.
- Efficacy: For mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis, grapiprant is highly effective. For severe, acute flare-ups, a traditional COX-inhibiting NSAID like deracoxib may provide more rapid, robust anti-inflammatory relief.
Deracoxib vs. Librela (Bedinvetmab)
To evaluate this biologic option, consult our guide to Librela for dogs.
- Mechanism: Librela is a monthly monoclonal antibody injection that targets Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), a key driver of osteoarthritis pain.
- Safety Profile: Because it is a protein, Librela is cleared by normal protein catabolism pathways rather than through the kidneys or liver. It does not affect COX pathways and does not cause gastrointestinal ulceration.
- Monitoring: Does not require the intensive renal/hepatic laboratory monitoring associated with NSAIDs.
- Role in Therapy: Often used as a first-line option for geriatric dogs with pre-existing kidney or liver disease, or as part of a multimodal plan alongside joint supplements and low-dose NSAIDs.
Deracoxib for Dogs FAQs
What is the difference between Deramaxx and Rimadyl (carprofen)?
Deramaxx (deracoxib) and Rimadyl (carprofen) are both veterinary NSAIDs labeled for managing canine osteoarthritis and surgical pain. The primary difference lies in their chemical structure and receptor binding; deracoxib is a coxib-class drug with a highly selective COX-2 preferential profile in vitro, whereas carprofen is a carboxylic acid derivative with relative selectivity. Clinically, both are effective, but individual dogs may respond better to one or the other.
Does Deramaxx require bloodwork monitoring, and how often?
Yes. Every dog taking deracoxib long-term should undergo baseline bloodwork (CBC, chemistry panel, and urinalysis) before starting the medication. Labs should be repeated at 2 to 4 weeks after starting therapy, and then every 6 months for healthy senior dogs, or every 3 to 4 months for geriatric or high-risk patients.
What happens if a dog eats too many Deramaxx tablets (accidental overdose)?
Because Deramaxx is a beef-flavored chewable tablet, dogs may consume multiple tablets if they gain access to the bottle. A massive overdose can cause severe gastrointestinal ulceration, gastric perforation, and acute kidney injury. If you suspect an overdose, contact your veterinarian or a pet poison control hotline immediately. Treatment typically involves inducing vomiting (if within 2 hours of ingestion), administering activated charcoal, and hospitalization for intravenous fluid therapy and gastrointestinal protectants.
Can Deramaxx be combined with gabapentin, steroids, or other NSAIDs?
Deracoxib can be safely combined with gabapentin, tramadol, and amantadine, which act on different pain pathways. However, it must never be combined with other NSAIDs (like carprofen or meloxicam) or corticosteroids (like prednisone). Doing so significantly increases the risk of severe gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach perforation, and kidney failure. A 7 to 10-day washout period is required when switching between these drugs.
Sources
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Deramaxx (deracoxib) Chewable Tablets Prescribing Information (NADA 141-203). https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=eced868b-c101-425a-8c5c-1a23ea43152f
- Elanco Animal Health. Deramaxx Prescribing Information. https://www.elancoplus.com/us/en/deramaxx
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Animal Drugs @ FDA Freedom of Information (FOI) Summary: Deramaxx Supplemental Approval (NADA 141-203). https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/app/search/public/document/downloadFoi/719
- American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA). 2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. https://www.aaha.org/for-veterinary-professionals/aaha-guidelines/2022-aaha-pain-management-guidelines/
- Merck Veterinary Manual. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Animals. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapy-of-the-integumentary-system/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-in-animals
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Center for Veterinary Medicine animal drug adverse-event reports, accessed through the openFDA Animal and Veterinary Adverse Event API. https://open.fda.gov/apis/animalandveterinary/event/
