Cat Bite Abscesses: Why Closed Pockets Need Drainage & FeLV/FIV Testing
Why cat bite abscesses need veterinary drainage and antibiotics: Pasteurella biology, Convenia vs Clavamox, FeLV/FIV testing clocks, and bite risks.
An outdoor or recently fighting cat comes home quiet, hiding under the bed, and refusing to eat. When you reach down to pet him near the base of the tail, neck, or cheek, he hisses or cries in pain. By the next morning, a soft, warm, painful lump has formed under the skin.
Cat bite abscesses are among the most common emergencies in small-animal feline practice. Yet pet owners frequently ask: "Will this burst and heal on its own? Can I squeeze the pus out at home, or can the vet just give him a quick antibiotic shot without surgery?"
The clinical reality is rooted in feline anatomy and microbiology: cat canine teeth act as natural hypodermic needles that inject oral bacteria deep into subcutaneous tissue. The tiny skin puncture seals shut within 24 to 48 hours, trapping Pasteurella multocida and virulent anaerobes inside an oxygen-deprived pocket.
Antibiotics alone cannot sterilize an undrained, closed pus pocket, and attempting to squeeze an abscess at home forces bacteria deeper into fascial planes. Furthermore, because fighting is the primary transmission route for feline retroviruses, FeLV and FIV testing is an essential part of every bite-wound visit.
Below is an evidence-based clinical guide to feline bite wound abscesses: why closed pockets require veterinary drainage, labeled cefovecin (Convenia) versus oral clavulanate (Clavamox), the AAFP retrovirus retesting schedule, and human zoonotic bite risks.
Direct Answer: What to Do If Your Cat Has a Bite Abscess
If your cat has a painful swelling, draining wound, or suspected fight injury, follow this immediate clinical pathway:
[Cat Presents with Painful Swelling / Suspected Fight Bite]
│
▼
[DO NOT SQUEEZE OR LANCE AT HOME]
(Risk of tissue devitalization, septicemia, and severe pain)
│
▼
[Veterinary Clinical Evaluation]
1. Check body temperature (fever often 103°F–105°F)
2. Sedated exploration, wound debridement, and warm saline flush
3. Place Penrose drain if large dead space / subcutaneous pocket
4. Pain management chosen by the veterinarian (opioids are common; NSAIDs only if the cat is a candidate)
│
┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐
▼ ▼
[Targeted Antibiotic Therapy] [Retrovirus & Zoonosis Protocol]
- **Convenia (Cefovecin)** SC inj - In-clinic **FeLV/FIV Point-of-Care**
(FDA-labeled for *P. multocida*) (Establishes pre-exposure baseline)
- **Clavamox (Amox-Clav)** Oral - Schedule **FeLV retest at ~30 days**
(Broad aerobe/anaerobe spectrum) - Schedule **FIV retest at ~60 days**
- Check rabies vaccination status
- Human medical care if person bitten
- Do not attempt home lancing or squeezing. Squeezing pushes bacteria into surrounding healthy tissue, creating diffuse cellulitis or life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis.
- Veterinary drainage is the cornerstone of cure. Opening the pocket, removing purulent debris, and flushing with warm sterile saline removes bacterial load and re-establishes vascular flow. If dead space is substantial, a latex Penrose drain is placed for 3 to 5 days.
- Select antibiotics matched to feline bite flora. Pasteurella multocida and oral anaerobes dominate fight wounds. FDA-labeled cefovecin (Convenia) or oral amoxicillin-clavulanate (Clavamox) provide proven efficacy.
- Test for FeLV and FIV at the visit, and schedule the retests. Fights transmit retroviruses. Testing on Day 1 confirms whether the cat was already infected; retesting at ~30 days for FeLV and ~60 days for FIV captures new infections from the fight.
- Seek human medical care if a person was bitten. Pasteurella multocida causes severe, rapid cellulitis in humans within 12 to 24 hours. Wash human wounds immediately and contact an urgent care clinic.
Pathophysiology: How a Sealed Cat Bite Becomes an Abscess
To understand why a cat abscess forms so rapidly, one must examine the unique mechanics of a feline bite wound.
THE FELINE BITE ABSCESS MECHANISM
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ [Cat Fight Occurs] │
│ └── Sharp, slender canine teeth puncture skin like needle points │
│ └── Feline oral flora injected deep into vascular subcutis │
│ (*Pasteurella multocida*, *Bacteroides*, *Fusobacterium*) │
│ │
│ [24 to 48 Hours: Surface Closure] │
│ └── Flexible feline skin heals and scabs over rapidly │
│ └── Puncture seals bacteria in warm, anaerobic, low-oxygen space │
│ │
│ [3 to 5 Days: Liquefactive Necrosis & Pus Pocket] │
│ └── White blood cells infiltrate; enzymes liquefy tissue │
│ └── Severe swelling, high fever (103°–105°F), extreme pain │
│ └── Thick pocket wall prevents antibiotic penetration │
│ │
│ [Outcomes Without Drainage] │
│ ├── Rupture through skin (messy necrotic crater, persistent sinus) │
│ └── Internal rupture into fascial planes (cellulitis, sepsis) │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
1. The Hypodermic Tooth Effect
Cats have long, sharp, curved canine teeth designed to puncture rather than crush. When an aggressive cat bites, the teeth penetrate through the epidermis into the loose subcutaneous connective tissue, inoculating high concentrations of oral saliva.
Feline skin is pliable and elastic. Within hours, the tiny puncture wounds contract and seal over with a dry crust. The bacteria are now trapped in a dark, warm, anaerobic environment with an abundance of serum and dead cellular debris—the perfect culture medium.
2. The Dominant Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida
The predominant organism in feline bite wounds is Pasteurella multocida, a small, facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus commonly carried in the mouths of healthy cats.
P. multocida produces lipopolysaccharide endotoxins and capsular hyaluronic acid that evade feline phagocytosis, provoking an intense inflammatory reaction.
This is compounded by co-inoculated obligate anaerobes (including Bacteroides, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus spp.), which produce the characteristic foul, putrid odor of feline abscesses.
3. Anatomical Distribution: What Location Tells You
The anatomical location of an abscess often reveals the dynamics of the fight:
- Face, Cheeks, and Forelegs: Indicate a cat that stood its ground and faced the attacker head-on.
- Base of Tail, Rump, and Back Legs: Indicate a retreating cat bitten from behind while fleeing.
- Neck and Dorsum: Common in territorial dominance disputes or intact tomcats.
The Tooth-Root Differential: Bite Wound vs Dental Abscess
When an owner discovers a painful swelling beneath a cat's eye or along the cheek, the assumption is almost always a fight bite. However, veterinarians must carefully differentiate between an external bite abscess and an apical tooth-root abscess.
For deep-dive dental pathology, see our guide to feline tooth resorption.
FACIAL SWELLING: BITE WOUND VS TOOTH-ROOT
┌──────────────────────┬────────────────────────┬────────────────────────┐
│ Clinical Feature │ Bite Wound Abscess │ Tooth-Root Abscess │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Primary Location │ Anywhere on head/cheek/│ Suborbital swelling │
│ │ neck; asymmetrical │ directly below the eye │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Patient Risk Profile │ Indoor-outdoor cat; │ Senior cat; dental │
│ │ history of fighting │ calculus; FORL lesions │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Skin Lesion │ Scab, puncture wound, │ Intact skin until late;│
│ │ or localized alopecia │ draining fistulous tract│
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Diagnostic Test │ Physical palpation & │ **Intraoral Dental** │
│ │ surgical exploration │ **Radiographs** │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Definitive Therapy │ Lance, flush, drain, │ **Surgical Extraction**│
│ │ and systemic antibiotic│ of affected tooth root │
└──────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┘
A tooth-root abscess involving the maxillary fourth premolar (carnassial tooth) or upper canine creates a swollen pocket that can rupture through the skin below the eye, mimicking a fight wound.
If a facial abscess is simply lanced and treated with antibiotics without intraoral dental radiographs, the swelling will temporarily resolve, only to recur weeks later because the infected, necrotic tooth root remains embedded in the alveolar bone.
Why Antibiotics Alone Fail: The Need for Drainage
A frequent owner request is: "Can't we just give him an antibiotic pill so we don't have to put him under anesthesia to drain it?"
Veterinary surgery principles dictate that pus must be evacuated. Relying on systemic antibiotics without drainage is a primary cause of treatment failure.
WHY CLOSED PUS POCKETS DEFEAT ANTIBIOTICS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 1. Avascular Barrier: │
│ An abscess develops a fibrous pseudo-capsule surrounded by │
│ thrombosed, necrotic capillaries. Blood-borne antibiotics │
│ cannot physically penetrate into the core of the fluid pocket. │
│ │
│ 2. Acidic, Enzyme-Rich Environment: │
│ Purulent fluid contains high concentrations of purulent │
│ debris, acidic metabolites (low pH), and bacterial enzymes │
│ that inactivate many beta-lactam and aminoglycoside drugs. │
│ │
│ 3. Bioburden & Dead Tissue: │
│ Necrotic tissue and purulent fluid continue to harbor millions │
│ of replicating bacteria, preventing tissue re-granulation. │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The In-Clinic Surgical Procedure
Under sedation or light general anesthesia with local analgesia:
- Lancing & Debridement: The veterinarian clips the fur, scrubs the skin with antiseptic, and creates a dependent incision at the lowest point of the swelling to allow gravity drainage. Devitalized, necrotic skin edges are trimmed away.
- Sterile lavage: The pocket is flushed with warm sterile saline until purulent clots and debris are gone. Some clinics add a dilute antiseptic per their protocol; saline is the default.
- Drain Placement: If a large dead-space pocket exists (common over the dorsum and rump), a soft latex Penrose drain is passed through the cavity and secured with non-absorbable sutures to keep the wound open and draining for 3 to 5 days.
- Analgesia: Pain control is part of the visit. Opioids such as transmucosal buprenorphine are commonly used. NSAIDs are only appropriate if the veterinarian judges the cat stable enough — febrile, dehydrated, or septic cats are often not NSAID candidates.
Antibiotic Selection: Convenia vs Clavamox & Stewardship
Once the pocket is opened and drained, targeted antimicrobial therapy is initiated to eradicate residual tissue infection.
FELINE BITE ANTIMICROBIAL COMPARISON
┌──────────────────────┬────────────────────────┬────────────────────────┐
│ Parameter │ Convenia (Cefovecin) │ Clavamox (Amox-Clav) │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Drug Class │ 3rd-Gen Cephalosporin │ Potentiated Penicillin │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ FDA Regulatory Label │ ✅ **FDA-APPROVED** │ ✅ **FDA-APPROVED** │
│ │ (NADA 141-285; ANADA │ (NADA 055-099 for cats)│
│ │ 200-812 generic 2025) │ │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Route & Administration│ Single Subcutaneous Inj│ Oral Liquid / Drops │
│ │ (FDA-labeled single SC)│ (Twice daily for 7–14d)│
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Efficacy in Abscesses│ **97% Day-28 success** │ Oral comparator in │
│ │ (86/89; Six 2009 vs │ Six 2009 was cefadroxil│
│ │ 14-day oral cefadroxil,│ (91%, 80/88), not │
│ │ not Clavamox) │ Clavamox │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Primary Advantage │ Avoids missed home │ Broad aerobe/anaerobe │
│ │ doses when pilling │ cover; shorter residue │
│ │ will fail │ │
├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ Stewardship Caution │ Long elimination trail │ Risk of vomiting or │
│ │ (~65-day tissue res.) │ diarrhea; missed doses │
└──────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴────────────────────────┘
1. Convenia (Cefovecin Sodium): FDA-Approved Single Injection
Convenia is FDA-labeled for the treatment of skin infections (wounds and abscesses) in cats caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida (NADA 141-285; generic Cefovecin Sodium ANADA 200-812 approved June 24, 2025).
- Trial Data: In a landmark multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial (Six et al. 2009, JAVMA, PMID 19119969), a single subcutaneous injection of cefovecin (FDA-labeled single dose) achieved a 97% treatment success rate (86/89 cats) at Day 28, compared to 91% (80/88 cats) for a 14-day course of oral cefadroxil.
- Clinical value: For fractured, aggressive, or painful cats that cannot be safely pilled at home, a single in-clinic injection removes the missed-dose problem. That is a compliance advantage, not proof that cefovecin is always the first-choice drug.
- Stewardship Tradeoff: Cefovecin binds heavily to feline plasma proteins, resulting in an extended elimination half-life with sub-therapeutic tissue concentrations persisting for up to 65 days. Learn more in our dedicated review of Convenia (cefovecin) for dogs and cats.
2. Clavamox (Amoxicillin-Clavulanate): Oral First-Line Alternative
Clavamox combines amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor.
- Spectrum: Highly effective against both Pasteurella multocida and beta-lactamase-producing obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides spp.).
- Clinical Utility: If the owner is confident in administering oral drops or tablets twice daily without being bitten, Clavamox is a preferred first-line antimicrobial with a short half-life and excellent soft-tissue penetration. See our guide to Clavamox (amoxicillin-clavulanate).
Retrovirus Transmission: The FeLV & FIV Testing Imperative
A cat bite is not just a bacterial inoculation; it is the primary vector for feline retroviral transmission.
Every bite wound visit must incorporate retrovirus screening. To understand the laboratory differences between antigen and antibody tests, consult our complete guide to FeLV and FIV testing in cats.
RETROVIRUS SEROPREVALENCE IN BITE WOUND CATS
(Goldkamp et al. JAVMA 2008, n = 967; Burling et al. JAVMA 2017, n = 1,983)
┌──────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
│ Clinical Measure │ Finding in Bite Wound Cats │
├──────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│ Seropositive at Treatment (Goldkamp) │ **19.3%** (187 / 967 cats) │
│ Known Status Before Visit (Goldkamp) │ **Only 9.9%** (96 / 967 cats) │
│ Retesting Compliance Rate (Goldkamp) │ **Only 13.4%** (64 / 478 cats) │
│ FIV Seroconversion at Follow-Up │ **5.2%** (3 / 58 returned cats) │
├──────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│ FeLV Antigen Prevalence (Burling) │ **5.5%** (vs 3.1% general pop) │
│ FIV Antibody Prevalence (Burling) │ **12.5%** (vs 3.6% general pop) │
└──────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
1. The Goldkamp & Burling Multicenter Data
In a landmark prospective study of 967 cats treated for bite wounds or cutaneous abscesses across 134 US practices in 30 states (Goldkamp et al. 2008, JAVMA, PMID 18412524):
- 19.3% (187/967) of cats were seropositive for FeLV antigen, FIV antibody, or both at the time of abscess treatment.
- Only 9.9% of cats had a known retrovirus status prior to the injury.
- In Burling et al. (2017, JAVMA, PMID 28671491), among 1,983 cats presenting with abscesses or bite wounds, 5.5% were FeLV-antigen positive and 12.5% were FIV-antibody positive — higher than the 3.1% and 3.6% figures for all tested cats in that paper. Bite-wound cats are a selected high-risk group, not the indoor-cat baseline.
2. The Compliance Gap and AAFP Retesting Clocks
The most alarming finding in the Goldkamp study was that only 13.4% of owners advised to retest their cats actually returned. Yet among the initially FIV-negative cats that did return, 5.2% had seroconverted to positive.
Per the 2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Guidelines (Little et al., JFMS, PMC11135720):
- Test at Day 0 (Initial Visit): Establishes whether the cat was already carrying FeLV or FIV before the fight occurred.
- FeLV Antigen Retest Clock (~30 Days): Soluble p27 antigen reaches detectable blood concentrations roughly 30 days post-inoculation.
- FIV Antibody Retest Clock (~60 Days): The feline immune system requires approximately 60 days to produce measurable IgG antibody titers against FIV proteins.
POST-EXPOSURE RETROVIRUS RETESTING TIMELINE
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ [Day 0: Fight Bite Occurs / Abscess Treated] │
│ └── In-clinic Point-of-Care Combo SNAP │
│ └── Tests pre-existing status; cannot detect yesterday's virus │
│ │
│ [Day 30 (4 Weeks Post-Bite)] │
│ └── Retest FeLV Antigen (Viral p27 protein detectable) │
│ │
│ [Day 60 (8 Weeks Post-Bite)] │
│ └── Retest FIV Antibody (Host immune IgG antibodies detectable) │
│ └── Definitive confirmation of viral status from the fight │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Zoonotic Risks & Rabies Safety
Cat bite wounds carry substantial public health implications for both pet owners and veterinary staff.
1. Human Pasteurella Infections
Human bite wounds inflicted by cats carry a high risk of bacterial infection. CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases reviews commonly cite 28% to 80% of cat bites becoming clinically infected (versus a lower range for dog bites). That range comes from human emergency-medicine literature, not a feline incidence statistic.
Because human skin does not easily expand, P. multocida inoculated into human fingers, tendons, or wrists can produce severe, throbbing pain, erythema, and purulent drainage within 12 to 24 hours, frequently progressing to tenosynovitis or osteomyelitis.
If you were bitten by your cat while breaking up a fight, wash the wound vigorously under running water with soap for 5 minutes and seek human medical care immediately.
2. Rabies Vaccination Protocol
If the attacking animal was an unknown feral cat or wildlife (such as a raccoon, skunk, or bat), the bite represents a potential rabies exposure.
- Ensure your cat's rabies vaccination is current.
- Per the NASPHV Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control (2016), currently vaccinated dogs and cats that are exposed should receive veterinary care, a booster as soon as possible (the Compendium recommends not exceeding 96 hours), and 45 days of observation under the owner’s control. Local public health rules control the case.
- Previously unvaccinated cats are managed much more strictly: euthanasia or immediate vaccination plus a months-long quarantine, depending on the jurisdiction. Check state and local requirements in our review of the cat rabies vaccine. Do not treat a booster as automatic “protection” without that public-health step.
2026 Diagnostic and Treatment Cost Breakdown
Costs vary by region, whether general anesthesia is required, and whether reference laboratory testing is ordered. Figures below are 2026 clinic and aggregator estimates, not a national fee schedule and not an internal claims dataset.
2026 CLINIC / AGGREGATOR FEE ESTIMATES (USD)
┌──────────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────┐
│ Diagnostic Test / Service │ General Practice │ Specialty/ER │
├──────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ Initial Veterinary Physical Exam │ $55 – $85 │ $110 – $185 │
│ Sedation & Local Infiltration Anesth.│ $65 – $120 │ $120 – $220 │
│ Abscess Lancing, Debridement & Lavage│ $75 – $140 │ $140 – $260 │
│ Penrose Drain Placement & Materials │ $45 – $85 │ $80 – $150 │
│ In-Clinic FeLV/FIV Point-of-Care Test│ $45 – $85 │ $85 – $140 │
│ Convenient Cefovecin (Convenia Inj.) │ $40 – $75 │ $65 – $115 │
│ Oral Clavamox / Analgesia Rx │ $30 – $55 │ $45 – $85 │
│ Suture / Drain Removal Recheck (3–5d)│ $25 – $45 │ $45 – $75 │
├──────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ TOTAL OUTPATIENT ABSCESS CARE (Avg) │ $325 – $590 │ $590 – $1050 │
└──────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────┘
Frequently Asked Questions
Can a cat abscess heal on its own without a vet?
Rarely, a small superficial abscess may rupture through the skin and drain partially on its own. However, without surgical debridement and sterile flushing, the skin opening quickly closes over the remaining bacteria, forming a recurrent, deeper abscess. Furthermore, self-rupturing abscesses cause extensive skin necrosis, leave messy drainage throughout your home, and leave the underlying Pasteurella and retrovirus exposure unaddressed.
How do I treat an abscess on my cat at home?
You should not attempt to squeeze, lance, or insert needles into an abscess at home. Squeezing forces bacteria deeper into healthy tissue, causing cellulitis and severe pain. While waiting for your veterinary appointment, you may apply a warm, damp compress (a washcloth soaked in warm water) gently to the area for 5 to 10 minutes to soothe discomfort, but avoid applying human ointments, alcohol, or hydrogen peroxide.
Can you leave a cat abscess untreated?
No. Leaving a cat abscess untreated leads to severe complications: systemic bacterial dissemination (bacteremia and sepsis), large-scale tissue sloughing requiring reconstructive surgery, severe chronic pain, high fever, and permanent tissue scarring. Untreated bite wounds are also a missed window for post-exposure retrovirus management.
How long can a cat survive with an abscess?
A cat can harbor an expanding abscess for several days, but as the bacterial infection spreads, the cat will develop a high fever (103°F to 105°F), stop eating, and enter a state of systemic illness. Within 3 to 7 days, an untreated closed abscess can progress to septic shock or widespread cellulitis, which can be fatal. Immediate veterinary care is essential.
Sources
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) / DailyMed. CONVENIA (cefovecin sodium) Prescribing Information (NADA 141-285). Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=2daeaf25-f98f-49d3-943c-f604a844d93c&type=display
- Six R, Cleaver DM, Lindeman CJ, et al. Effectiveness and safety of cefovecin sodium in cats with abscesses and infected wounds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234(1):81-87. Available via PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19119969/
- Goldkamp CE, Levy JK, Edinboro CH, Lachtara JL. Seroprevalences of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats with abscesses or bite wounds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(8):1152-1158. Available via PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18412524/
- Little S, Levy J, Hartmann K, et al. 2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(1):5-30. Available via PubMed Central: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11135720/
- Burling AN, Levy JK, Scott HM, et al. Seroprevalences of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats in the United States and Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2017;251(2):187-194. Available via PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28671491/
- Veterinary Information Network (VIN) / Veterinary Partner. Abscesses in Cats from Bite Wounds. Available at: https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951430
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Approves First Generic Cefovecin Sodium Injection (June 24, 2025). Available at: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/cvm-updates/fda-approves-first-generic-cefovecin-sodium-injection-treating-skin-infections-dogs-and-cats
- Körmöndi S, Terhes G, Pál Z, et al. Human pasteurellosis: health risk for elderly persons living with companion animals. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(2). (Cites the 28–80% cat-bite infection range from prior human-bite literature.) Available at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/2/18-0641_article
- Brown CM, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, Sidwa TJ, Sorhage FE. Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2016. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(5):505-517.
